![]() ![]() Human studies reported the serum vitamin D levels in children with urinary tract infection and healthy controls were searched databases of PubMed, Scopus, Embase, and Cochrane. Materials and Methods Data Sources and Search Strategy Therefore, the current meta-analysis is planned to determine whether the serum level of vitamin D is associated with the risk of UTI in children. ![]() Beside the growing evidence on the role of vitamin D supplementation in prevention and treatment of UTI in children, no study has systemically evaluated the association between serum vitamin D level and risk of UTI in children. In addition to, several studies demonstrated that the low level of 25(OH)D may be a risk factor for UTI ( 11– 15). It was reported that supplementation with vitamin D might prevent UTI ( 9). On the other hand, there is increasing evidence that vitamin D deficiency plays an important role in susceptibility to UTI and administration of vitamin D can prevent it. Moreover, the association between vitamin D and several infectious diseases has been studied for a long time ( 10). ![]() The use of vitamin D as a supplement in prevention and treatment of UTI and its complications has been reported ( 9). The use of micronutrients, natural products and vitamins are becoming more popular in different diseases in children ( 4, 8). However, antibiotic therapy may lead to antibiotic resistance, a serious threat to global public health ( 7). Antibiotics are the first and most important treatment for UTI, and the severity of the infection and the type of bacteria determine the type of antibiotic used. UTI actually occurs when bacteria enter the urinary tract through the urethra, intestine, blood or lymph and begin to proliferate. coli is known as the predominant pathogen for UTI due to their attachment to the endothelial wall of the urinary tract and found in 90% of girls and in 80% of boys at the primary childhood UTI ( 6). Other bacteria including Klebsiella, Proteus, Enterobacter, and Pseudomonas as well as fungal pathogens are also involved in the pathogenesis of UTI ( 5). coli) are the most important pathogen in children with UTI. Understanding the pathogenesis and risk factors of UTI in children is crucial because of its associated serious complications.īacterial virulence, immunodeficiency, nutritional deprivations and anatomic or functional abnormalities make children vulnerable to UTI ( 4). However, girls are more likely to develop UTI after this age ( 3). UTI is more common in boys under 3 months than girls. The incidence of UTI varies from 1.8 to 7.5% in childhood ( 2). It is categorized based on the level of involvement of urinary system to cystitis and pyelonephritis ( 1). Urinary Tract Infection (UTI) is one of the most common bacterial infections in childhood. It can be concluded that there is a significant negative relationship between serum vitamin D level and risk of UTI in children. The results of analysis showed that serum vitamin D levels in children with UTI were significantly lower than healthy control children (SSMD: 0.891, 95% CI: 0.707–1.075, p < 0.000 SSMD: 0.797, 95% CI: 0.500–1.094, p < 0.000, respectively). The strictly standardized mean difference (SSMD) and 95% confidence interval (CI) were calculated to evaluate the relationship between serum vitamin D levels and risk of UTI. Human studies reported the serum vitamin D level in children with UTI and healthy controls were collected from PubMed, Scopus, Embase, and Cochrane databases. This systematic review and meta-analysis aimed to evaluate the association between serum vitamin D concentration and the risk of urinary tract infection (UTI) in children.
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