![]() ![]() Rockefeller also resorted to outright bribery of Pennsylvania legislators. When a rival company attempted to build a competing pipeline across Pennsylvania, Standard Oil bought up land along the way to block it. This enabled the company to cut off the flow of crude oil to refineries Rockefeller wanted to buy. In 1874, Standard started acquiring new oil pipeline networks. To do this, he often used hardball tactics. Rockefeller planned to buy out as many other oil refineries as he could. ![]() He said it illustrated "the battle of the new idea of cooperation against competition." In his mind, large industrial combinations, more commonly known as monopolies, would replace individualism and competition in business. Rockefeller saw Standard Oil's takeover of the Cleveland refiners as inevitable. When the so-called "Cleveland Massacre" ended in March 1872, Standard controlled 25 percent of the U.S. But before this happened, Rockefeller used the threat of this deal to intimidate more than 20 Cleveland refiners to sell out to Standard Oil at bargain prices. The deal collapsed when the railroads backed out. They planned to control freight rates and oil prices by cooperating with one another. In 1871, Rockefeller helped form a secret alliance of railroads and refiners. More than anything else, Rockefeller wanted to control the unpredictable oil market to make his profits more dependable. The oil industry in the late 1800s often experienced sudden booms and busts, which led to wildly fluctuating prices and price wars among the refiners. But small businesses and farmers were often forced to pay higher rates than big shippers like Standard Oil. Many argued that as "common carriers" railroads should not discriminate in their shipping charges. The railroads carried crude oil to Standard's refineries in Cleveland and kerosene to the big city markets. To give Standard Oil an edge over its competitors, Rockefeller secretly arranged for discounted shipping rates from railroads. The partners incorporated (under a charter issued by the state of Ohio) and called their business the Standard Oil Company. In 1863, he and his partner invested in another business that refined crude oil from Pennsylvania into kerosene for illuminating lamps.īy 1870, Rockefeller and new partners were operating two oil refineries in Cleveland, then the major oil refining center of the country. The company made much money during the war. Shortly before the Civil War, Rockefeller and a partner established a shipping company in Cleveland, Ohio. The unlikely match between "Devil Bill" and Eliza Rockefeller produced a son who would paradoxically become the most hated and admired man in America. ![]() But he spent his retirement years giving away most of his money. This made him the richest man in the world. Rockefeller built an oil monopoly by ruthlessly eliminating most of his competitors. John lived in an age when owners of industries operated without much interference from government. ![]()
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